In Machine Learning & Epidemiology
A systematic error that leads to incorrect conclusions or unfair outcomes
In ML, bias refers to systematic errors in algorithms that lead to unfair or inaccurate predictions, often reflecting historical inequalities in training data.
In epidemiology, bias refers to systematic errors in study design or analysis that lead to incorrect estimates of disease associations or treatment effects.
Click to see detailed scenarios of how selection bias affects different fields:
Aspect | Machine Learning | Epidemiology | Overlap |
---|---|---|---|
Primary Goal | Accurate medical predictions & equitable care | Valid causal inference about health | Truth from healthcare data |
Data Source | Medical images, EHR, wearable devices | Clinical trials, health surveys, registries | Both use healthcare observational data |
Bias Impact | Unfair AI, missed diagnoses, health disparities | Wrong conclusions about treatments/disease | Systematic errors affecting patient care |
Detection Methods | Performance across patient demographics | Study design, statistical tests | Healthcare data analysis and validation |
Prevention | Diverse patient data, fairness constraints | Randomization, stratified sampling | Careful healthcare methodology |
Both fields worry about non-representative patient samples leading to invalid medical conclusions
ML calls it "spurious correlation," epidemiology calls it "confounding" - same concept affecting health outcomes!
Whether in Healthcare ML or Epidemiology: Always question your patient data, consider which populations are missing, and remember that bias often reflects healthcare disparities that need addressing, not just technical fixes.
Both fields share the fundamental challenge of drawing valid conclusions from imperfect healthcare data. The terminology may differ, but the principles of careful methodology, representative patient sampling, and critical thinking apply universally to ensure equitable healthcare outcomes.
A machine learning model for diagnosing diabetic retinopathy is trained only on images from patients at urban teaching hospitals. What type of bias is this?
In a study linking socioeconomic status to COVID-19 outcomes, age affects both income level and disease severity. In epidemiology, this is called confounding. What is this called in machine learning?
Which of the following is the BEST way to prevent selection bias in a clinical trial studying a new diabetes medication?
A chest X-ray AI model shows 95% accuracy for detecting pneumonia in white patients but only 70% accuracy for Black patients. What should you do FIRST?
© 2025 Machine Learning for Health Research Course | Prof. Gennady Roshchupkin
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